第三章 法 人 第一节 一般规定 Chapter III Legal Persons Section 1 General Stipulations 第三十六条 法人是具有民事权利能力和民事行为能力，依法独立享有民事权利和承担民事义务的组织。 Article 36 A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law. 法人的民事权利能力和民事行为能力，从法人成立时产生，到法人终止时消灭。 A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the legal person terminates. 第三十七条 法人应当具备下列条件： Article 37 A legal person shall have the following qualifications: （一）依法成立； (1) establishment in accordance with the law; （二）有必要的财产或者经费； (2) possession of the necessary property or funds; （三）有自己的名称、组织机构和场所； (3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; （四）能够独立承担民事责任。 and (4) ability to independently bear civil liability. 第三十八条 依照法律或者法人组织章程规定，代表法人行使职权的负责人，是法人的法定代表人。 Article 38 In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative. 第三十九条 法人以它的主要办事机构所在地为住所。 Article 39 A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative office is located. 第四十条 法人终止，应当依法进行清算，停止清算范围外的活动。 Article 40 When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance with the law and discontinue all other activities. 第三章 法 人 第二节 企业法人 Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person 第四十一条 全民所有制企业、集体所有制企业有符合国家规定的资金数额，有组织章程、组织机构和场所，能够独立承担民事责任，经主管机关核准登记，取得法人资格。 Article 41 An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has been approved and registered by the competent authority. 在中华人民共和国领域内设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业和外资企业，具备法人条件的，依法经工商行政管理机关核准登记，取得中国法人资格。 A Chinese- foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the law. 第四十二条 企业法人应当在核准登记的经营范围内从事经营。 Article 42 An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range approved and registered. 第四十三条 企业法人对它的法定代表人和其他工作人员的经营活动，承担民事责任。 Article 43 An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel. 第四十四条 企业法人分立、合并或者有其他重要事项变更，应当向登记机关办理登记并公告。 Article 44 If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any other important change, it shall register the change with the registration authority and publicly announce it. 企业法人分立、合并，它的权利和义务由变更后的法人享有和承担。 When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that results from the change. 第四十五条 企业法人由于下列原因之一终止： Article 45 An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following reasons: （一）依法被撤销； (1) if it is dissolved by law; （二）解散； (2) if it is disbanded; （三）依法宣告破产； (3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; （四）其他原因。 or (4) for other reasons. 第四十六条 企业法人终止，应当向登记机关办理注销登记并公告。 Article 46 When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the termination. 第四十七条 企业法人解散，应当成立清算组织，进行清算。企业法人被撤销、被宣告破产的，应当由主管机关或者人民法院组织有关机关和有关人员成立清算组织，进行清算。 Article 47 When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise. 第四十八条 全民所有制企业法人以国家授予它经营管理的财产承担民事责任。 Article 48 An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. 集体所有制企业法人以企业所有的财产承担民事责任。 An enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil liability with the property it owns. 中外合资经营企业法人、中外合作经营企业法人和外资企业法人以企业所有的财产承担民事责任，法律另有规定的除外。 A Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law. 第四十九条 企业法人有下列情形之一的，除法人承担责任外，对法定代表人可以给予行政处分、罚款，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任： Article 49 Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the law: （一）超出登记机关核准登记的经营范围从事非法经营的； (1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered by the registration authority; （二）向登记机关、税务机关隐瞒真实情况、弄虚作假的； (2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and practising fraud; （三）抽逃资金、隐匿财产逃避债务的； (3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of debts; （四）解散、被撤销、被宣告破产后，擅自处理财产的； (4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt; （五）变更、终止时不及时申请办理登记和公告，使利害关系人遭受重大损失的； (5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses; （六）从事法律禁止的其他活动，损害国家利益或者社会公共利益的。 (6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests of the state or the public interest. 第三章 法 人 第三节 机关、事业单位和社会团体法人 Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal Person 第五十条 有独立经费的机关从成立之日起，具有法人资格。 Article 50 An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal person on the day it is established. 具备法人条件的事业单位、社会团体，依法不需要办理法人登记的，从成立之日起，具有法人资格；依法需要办理法人登记的，经核准登记，取得法人资格。 If according to law an institution or social organization having the qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and registered. 第三章 法 人 第四节 联 营 Section 4 Economic Association 第五十一条 企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营，组成新的经济实体，独立承担民事责任、具备法人条件的，经主管机关核准登记，取得法人资格。 Article 51 If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and registered by the competent authority. 第五十二条 企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营，共同经营、不具备法人条件的，由联营各方按照出资比例或者协议的约定，以各自所有的或者经营管理的财产承担民事责任。 Article 52 If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party owns or manages. 依照法律的规定或者协议的约定负连带责任的，承担连带责任。 If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement, the parties shall assume joint liability. 第五十三条 企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营，按照合同的约定各自独立经营的，它的权利和义务由合同约定，各自承担民事责任。 Article 53 If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately. 第四章 民事法律行为和代理 第一节 民事法律行为 Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts 第五十四条 民事法律行为是公民或者法人设立、变更、终止民事权利和民事义务的合法行为。 Article 54 A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations. 第五十五条 民事法律行为应当具备下列条件： Article 55 A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements: （一）行为人具有相应的民事行为能力； (1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct; （二）意思表示真实； (2) the intention expressed is genuine; （三）不违反法律或者社会公共利益。 and (3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest. 第五十六条 民事法律行为可以采取书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式。 Article 56 A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. 法律规定是特定形式的，应当依照法律规定。 If the law stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be observed. 第五十七条 民事法律行为从成立时起具有法律约束力。 Article 57 A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. 行为人非依法律规定或者取得对方同意，不得擅自变更或者解除。 The actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law or with the other party's consent. 第五十八条 下列民事行为无效： Article 58 Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void: （一）无民事行为能力人实施的； (1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct; （二）限制民事行为能力人依法不能独立实施的； (2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a person with limited capacity for civil conduct; （三）一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下所为的； (3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the other party; （四）恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的； (4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to the interest of the state, a collective or a third party; （五）违反法律或者社会公共利益的； (5) those that violate the law or the public interest; （六）经济合同违反国家指令性计划的； (6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; （七）以合法形式掩盖非法目的的。 and (7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal illegitimate purposes. 无效的民事行为，从行为开始起就没有法律约束力。 Civil acts that are null and void shall not be legally binding from the very beginning. 第五十九条 下列民事行为，一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机关予以变更或者撤销： Article 59 A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts: （一）行为人对行为内容有重大误解的； (1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents of the acts; （二）显失公平的。 (2) those that are obviously unfair. 被撤销的民事行为从行为开始起无效。 Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning. 第六十条 民事行为部分无效，不影响其他部分的效力的，其他部分仍然有效。 Article 60 If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity of other parts. 第六十一条 民事行为被确认为无效或者被撤销后，当事人因该行为取得的财产，应当返还给受损失的一方。 Article 61 After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall return it to the party who suffered a loss. 有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受的损失，对方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。 The erring party shall compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share of the responsibility. 双方恶意串通，实施民事行为损害国家的、集体的或者第三人的利益的，应当追缴双方取得的财产，收归国家、集体所有或者返还第三人。 If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party. 第六十二条 民事法律行为可以附条件，附条件的民事法律行为在符合所附条件时生效。 Article 62 A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met. 第四章 民事法律行为和代理 第二节 代理 Section 2 Agency 第六十三条 公民、法人可以通过代理人实施民事法律行为。 Article 63 Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents 代理人在代理权限内，以被代理人的名义实施民事法律行为。 An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within the scope of the power of agency. 被代理人对代理人的代理行为，承担民事责任。 The principal shall bear civil liability for the agent's acts of agency. 依照法律规定或者按照双方当事人约定，应当由本人实施的民事法律行为，不得代理。 Civil juristic acts that should be performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent. 第六十四条 代理包括委托代理、法定代理和指定代理。 Article 64 Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed agency. 委托代理人按照被代理人的委托行使代理权，法定代理人依照法律的规定行使代理权，指定代理人按照人民法院或者指定单位的指定行使代理权。 An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit. 第六十五条 民事法律行为的委托代理，可以用书面形式，也可以用口头形式。 Article 65 A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. 法律规定用书面形式的，应当用书面形式。 If legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be effected in writing. 书面委托代理的授权委托书应当载明代理人的姓名或者名称、代理事项、权限和期间，并由委托人签名或者盖章。 Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be signed or sealed by the principal. 委托书授权不明的，被代理人应当向第三人承担民事责任，代理人负连带责任。 If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the agent shall be held jointly liable. 第六十六条 没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后的行为，只有经过被代理人的追认，被代理人才承担民事责任。 Article 66 The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act retroactively. 未经追认的行为，由行为人承担民事责任。 If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear civil liability for it. 本人知道他人以本人名义实施民事行为而不作否认表示的，视为同意。 If a principal is aware that a civil act is being executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be deemed to have been given. 代理人不履行职责而给被代理人造成损害的，应当承担民事责任。 An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and thus causes damage to the principal. 代理人和第三人串通，损害被代理人的利益的，由代理人和第三人负连带责任。 If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests, the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable. 第三人知道行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权已终止还与行为人实施民事行为给他人造成损害的，由第三人和行为人负连带责任。 If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable. 第六十七条 代理人知道被委托代理的事项违法仍然进行代理活动的，或者被代理人知道代理人的代理行为违法不表示反对的，由被代理人和代理人负连带责任。 Article 67 If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be held jointly liable. 第六十八条 委托代理人为被代理人的利益需要转托他人代理的，应当事先取得被代理人的同意。 Article 68 If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the agency to another person, he shall first obtain the principal's consent. 事先没有取得被代理人同意的，应当在事后及时告诉被代理人，如果被代理人不同意，由代理人对自己所转托的人的行为负民事责任，但在紧急情况下，为了保护被代理人的利益而转托他 If the principal's consent is not obtained in advance, the matter shall be reported to him promptly after the transfer, and if the principal objects, the agent shall bear civil liability for the acts of the transferee; 人代理的除外。 however, an entrusted agency transferred in emergency circumstances in order to safeguard the principal's interests shall be excepted. 第六十九条 有下列情形之一的，委托代理终止： Article 69 An entrusted agency shall end under any of the following circumstances: （一）代理期间届满或者代理事务完成； (1) when the period of agency expires or when the tasks entrusted are completed; （二）被代理人取消委托或者代理人辞去委托； (2) when the principal rescinds the entrustment or the agent declines the entrustment; （三）代理人死亡； (3) when the agent dies; （四）代理人丧失民事行为能力； (4) when the principal loses his capacity for civil conduct; （五）作为被代理人或者代理人的法人终止。 or (5) when the principal or the agent ceases to be a legal person. 第七十条 有下列情形之一的，法定代理或者指定代理终止： Article 70 A statutory or appointed agency shall end under any of the following circumstances: （一）被代理人取得或者恢复民事行为能力； (1) when the principal gains or recovers capacity for civil conduct; （二）被代理人或者代理人死亡； (2) when the principal or the agent dies; （三）代理人丧失民事行为能力； (3) when the agent loses capacity for civil conduct; （四）指定代理的人民法院或者指定单位取消指定； (4) when the people's court or the unit that appointed the agent rescinds the appointment; （五）由其他原因引起的被代理人和代理人之间的监护关系消灭。 or (5) when the guardian relationship between the principal and the agent ends for other reasons. 第五章 民事权利 第一节 财产所有权和与财产所有权有关的财产权 Chapter V Civil Rights Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights 第七十一条 财产所有权是指所有人依法对自己的财产享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。 Article 71 "Property ownership" means the owner's rights to lawfully possess, utilize, profit from and dispose of his property. 第七十二条 财产所有权的取得，不得违反法律规定。 Article 72 Property ownership shall not be obtained in violation of the law. 按照合同或者其他合法方式取得财产的，财产所有权从财产交付时起转移，法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Unless the law stipulates otherwise or the parties concerned have agreed on other arrangements, the ownership of property obtained by contract or by other lawful means shall be transferred simultaneously with the property itself.

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